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Organized around single country studies embedded in key historical
moments, this book introduces students to the shifting and varied
guerrilla history of Latin America from the late 1950s to the
present. It brings together academics and those directly involved
in aspects of the guerrilla movement, to understand each country's
experience with guerrilla warfare and revolutionary activism. The
book is divided in four thematic parts after two opening chapters
that analyze the tradition of military involvement in Latin
American politics and the parallel tradition of insurgency and coup
effort against dictatorship. The first two parts examine active
guerrilla movements in the 1960s and 1970s with case studies
including Bolivia, Nicaragua, Peru, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay.
Part 3 is dedicated to the Central American Civil Wars of the 1980s
and 1990s in Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala. Part 4 examines
specific guerrilla movements which require special attention.
Chapters include Colombia's complicated guerrilla scenery; the
rivalling Shining Path and Tupac Amaru guerrillas in Peru; small
guerrilla movements in Mexico which were never completely
documented; and transnational guerrilla operations in the Southern
Cone. The concluding chapter presents a balance of the entire Latin
American guerrilla at present. Superbly accessible, while retaining
the complexity of Latin American politics, Latin American Guerrilla
Movements represents the best historical account of revolutionary
movements in the region, which students will find of great use
owing to its coverage and insights.
This volume offers a comparative analysis of the role of the
military in Latin America in domestic politics and governance after
2000. Divided into four parts covering the entirety of Latin
America, the book argues that the Latin American military as
semi-autonomous political actors have not faded away since 2000 and
may even have been making a comeback in various countries. Each
part outlines scenarios which effectively frame the various
pathways taken to post-military democratic society. Part 1
critically examines textbook cases of political demilitarization in
the Southern Cone, Peru, and Costa Rica. Part 2 contrasts the role
of the military in the post-2000 politics of two regional powers:
Brazil and Mexico. Part 3 examines the political role of the
military facing 'violent pluralism' in Colombia and the Northern
triangle of Central America. Finally, Part 4 identifies country
cases in which the military have been instrumental in the rise,
sustenance, and occasional demise of left wing revolutionary
projects within Venezuela, Cuba, Nicaragua, and Bolivia. Latin
American Military and Politics in the Twenty-First Century will be
of interest to scholars, students and professionals in the fields
of Latin American history, international relations, military
studies and studies concerning democracy, political violence and
revolution in Latin America elsewhere.
Organized around single country studies embedded in key historical
moments, this book introduces students to the shifting and varied
guerrilla history of Latin America from the late 1950s to the
present. It brings together academics and those directly involved
in aspects of the guerrilla movement, to understand each country's
experience with guerrilla warfare and revolutionary activism. The
book is divided in four thematic parts after two opening chapters
that analyze the tradition of military involvement in Latin
American politics and the parallel tradition of insurgency and coup
effort against dictatorship. The first two parts examine active
guerrilla movements in the 1960s and 1970s with case studies
including Bolivia, Nicaragua, Peru, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay.
Part 3 is dedicated to the Central American Civil Wars of the 1980s
and 1990s in Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala. Part 4 examines
specific guerrilla movements which require special attention.
Chapters include Colombia's complicated guerrilla scenery; the
rivalling Shining Path and Tupac Amaru guerrillas in Peru; small
guerrilla movements in Mexico which were never completely
documented; and transnational guerrilla operations in the Southern
Cone. The concluding chapter presents a balance of the entire Latin
American guerrilla at present. Superbly accessible, while retaining
the complexity of Latin American politics, Latin American Guerrilla
Movements represents the best historical account of revolutionary
movements in the region, which students will find of great use
owing to its coverage and insights.
The Cuban revolution served as a rallying cry to people across
Latin America and the Caribbean. The revolutionary regime has
provided vital support to the rest of the region, offering
everything from medical and development assistance to training and
advice on guerrilla warfare. Cuba and Revolutionary Latin America
is the first oral history of Cuba's liberation struggle. Drawing on
a vast array of original testimonies, Dirk Kruijt looks at the role
of both veterans and the post-Revolution fidelista generation in
shaping Cuba and the Americas. Featuring the testimonies of over
sixty Cuban officials and former combatants, Cuba and Revolutionary
Latin America offers unique insight into a nation which, in spite
of its small size and notional pariah status, remains one of the
most influential countries in the Americas.
Contains essays in honour of Menno Vellinga
Ethnography as Risky Business: Field Research in Violent and
Sensitive Contexts offers a hands-on, critical appraisal of how to
approach ethnographic fieldwork on socio-political conflict and
collective violence, focusing on the global south. The volume's
contributions are all based on extensive firsthand qualitative
social science research conducted in sensitive--and often
hazardous--field settings. The contributors reflect on real-life
methodological problems as well as the ethical and personal
challenges such as the protection of participants, research data
and the 'ethnographic self'. In particular, the authors highlight
how 'risky ethnography' requires careful maneuvering before,
during, and after fieldwork on the basis of a 'situated' ethics,
yet also point to the rewards of such an endeavor. If these
methodological, ethical and personal risks are managed adequately,
the yields in terms of generating a deep understanding of, and
critical engagement with, conflict and violence may be substantial.
Ethnography as Risky Business: Field Research in Violent and
Sensitive Contexts offers a hands-on, critical appraisal of how to
approach ethnographic fieldwork on socio-political conflict and
collective violence, focusing on the global south. The volume's
contributions are all based on extensive firsthand qualitative
social science research conducted in sensitive--and often
hazardous--field settings. The contributors reflect on real-life
methodological problems as well as the ethical and personal
challenges such as the protection of participants, research data
and the 'ethnographic self'. In particular, the authors highlight
how 'risky ethnography' requires careful maneuvering before,
during, and after fieldwork on the basis of a 'situated' ethics,
yet also point to the rewards of such an endeavor. If these
methodological, ethical and personal risks are managed adequately,
the yields in terms of generating a deep understanding of, and
critical engagement with, conflict and violence may be substantial.
Why are Latin American cities amongst the most violent in the
world? Over the past decades Latin America has not only become the
most urbanised of the regions of the so-called global South, it has
also been the scene of the urbanisation of poverty and exclusion.
Overall regional homicides rates are the highest in the world, a
fact closely related to the spread and use of firearms by male
youths, who are frequently involved in local and translocal forms
of organised crime. In response, governments and law enforcements
agencies have been facing mounting pressure to address violence
through repressive strategies, which in turn has led to a number of
consequences: law enforcement is often based on excessive violence
and the victimisation of entire marginal populations. Thus, the
dynamics of violence have generated a widespread perception of
insecurity and fear. Featuring much original fieldwork across a
broad array of case studies, this cutting edge volume focuses on
questions not only of crime, insecurity and violence but also of
Latin American cities' ability to respond to these problems in
creative and productive ways.
This book examines the massive urbanization of the world's
population. All around the world "Megacities" are becoming scenes
of vast deprivation, especially in the global south. In such
gigantic and dense social environments, complex sets of
relationships link poverty and exclusion to urban politics, power
relations and public policy. In these cities, local urban politics
and policy-making is the strategic prey of violent actors. The
urban poor are confronted with the challenge of dealing with their
inevitable encounters with violence. "Megacities" examines recent
world-wide trends in poverty and social exclusion, urban violence
and politics, and links these to the challenges faced by
policy-makers and practitioners in "megacities" across the globe.
Three parallel wars were fought in the latter half of the twentieth
century in El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua. These wars were
long and brutal, dividing international opinion sharply between US
support for dictatorial regimes and the USSR's sponsorship of
guerrilla fighters. This fascinating study of the 'guerrilla
generation' is based on in-depth interviews with both guerrilla
comandantes and political and military leaders of the time. Dirk
Kruijt analyses the dreams and achievements, the successes and
failures, the utopias and dystopias of an entire Central American
generation and its leaders. Guerrillas ranges widely, from the
guerrilla movement's origins in poverty, oppression and exclusion;
its tactics in warfare; the ill-fated experiment with Sandinista
government in Nicaragua; to the subsequent 'normalization' of
guerrilla movements within democratic societies. The story told
here is vital for understanding contemporary social movements in
Latin America.
Three parallel wars were fought in the latter half of the twentieth
century in El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua. These wars were
long and brutal, dividing international opinion sharply between US
support for dictatorial regimes and the USSR's sponsorship of
guerrilla fighters. This fascinating study of the 'guerrilla
generation' is based on in-depth interviews with both guerrilla
comandantes and political and military leaders of the time. Dirk
Kruijt analyses the dreams and achievements, the successes and
failures, the utopias and dystopias of an entire Central American
generation and its leaders. Guerrillas ranges widely, from the
guerrilla movement's origins in poverty, oppression and exclusion;
its tactics in warfare; the ill-fated experiment with Sandinista
government in Nicaragua; to the subsequent 'normalization' of
guerrilla movements within democratic societies. The story told
here is vital for understanding contemporary social movements in
Latin America.
Exploring the old and new forms of transnationalism stemming from
the Caribbean, Caribbean Transnationalism challenges present
concepts about diaspora, brings into perspective new forms of
transnationalism, and offers new perspectives on social cohesion in
plural societies. The novelty of this collection of essays by
experts from a wide range of disciplines consists not only of the
theoretical clarity it offers with regard to issues related to
diaspora, transnationalism, and social cohesion, but also of the
ample attention given to the intra-regional transnational
communities and the discussion of ethnification for social
cohesion. Caribbean Transnationalism calls into question
traditional views held in the expanding fields of migration,
transnationalism, and social cohesion, making this an important
book for scholars and students interested in the study of the
social sciences and Caribbean studies.
Exploring the old and new forms of transnationalism stemming from
the Caribbean, Caribbean Transnationalism challenges present
concepts about diaspora, brings into perspective new forms of
transnationalism, and offers new perspectives on social cohesion in
plural societies. The novelty of this collection of essays by
experts from a wide range of disciplines consists not only of the
theoretical clarity it offers with regard to issues related to
diaspora, transnationalism, and social cohesion, but also of the
ample attention given to the intra-regional transnational
communities and the discussion of ethnification for social
cohesion. Caribbean Transnationalism calls into question
traditional views held in the expanding fields of migration,
transnationalism, and social cohesion, making this an important
book for scholars and students interested in the study of the
social sciences and Caribbean studies.
As cities sprawl across Latin America, absorbing more and more of
its people, crime and violence have become inescapable. From the
paramilitary invasion of Medell!n in Colombia, the booming wealth
of crack dealers in Managua, Nicaragua and police corruption in
Mexico City, to the glimmers of hope in Lima, this book provides a
dynamic analysis of urban insecurity. Based on new empirical
evidence, interviews with local people and historical
contextualization, the authors attempts to shed light on the
fault-lines which have appeared in Latin American society.
Neoliberal economic policy, it is argued, has intensified the gulf
between elites, insulated in gated estates monitored by private
security firms, and the poor, who are increasingly mistrustful of
state-sponsored attempts to impose order on their slums. Rather
than the current trend towards government withdrawal, the situation
can only be improved by co-operation between communities and police
to build new networks of trust. In the end, violence and insecurity
are inseparable from social justice and democracy.
In this volume, Latin Americanist scholars explore the recent
evidence relating to the ways in which partial state failure in the
continent is interacting with new types of organized violence,
thereby undermining the process of democratic consolidation that
has characterized Latin America over the past two decades. This
'new violence' stems - as this book's case studies from Colombia,
Peru, Argentina, Venezuela, Brazil and other countries, including
El Salvador, show - from a heterogeneous variety of social actors
including drug mafias, peasant militias and urban gangs
(collectively referred to as actores armadas), as well as
state-related actors like the police, military intelligence
agencies and paramilitary forces. These armed actors are
reproducing organized social and political violence beyond the
confines of democratic politics and civil society. The results, as
the authors warn, include both 'governance voids' - domains where
the legitimate state is effectively absent in the face of armed
actors prevailing by force - and an erosion of the capacity and
willingness of state officials themselves to abide by the rule of
law. These tendencies, in turn, pave the way for a possible
reinstallation of authoritarian regimes under the control of
politicized armies or, at the very least, the spread of state
violence in one form or another. Why these tendencies need to be
taken so seriously is, the authors argue, because of the deeper
social roots underlying them - notably the failure of neoliberal
economic policies and weakened state structures to deliver the
jobs, standards of living and social services every democratic
citizenry has a right to expect. The Argentinian collapse and
persistent Colombian and Venezuelan crises receive special
attention in this regard.
In this volume, Latin Americanist scholars explore the recent
evidence relating to the ways in which partial state failure in the
continent is interacting with new types of organized violence,
thereby undermining the process of democratic consolidation that
has characterized Latin America over the past two decades. This
'new violence' stems - as this book's case studies from Colombia,
Peru, Argentina, Venezuela, Brazil and other countries, including
El Salvador, show - from a heterogeneous variety of social actors
including drug mafias, peasant militias and urban gangs
(collectively referred to as actores armadas), as well as
state-related actors like the police, military intelligence
agencies and paramilitary forces. These armed actors are
reproducing organized social and political violence beyond the
confines of democratic politics and civil society. The results, as
the authors warn, include both 'governance voids' - domains where
the legitimate state is effectively absent in the face of armed
actors prevailing by force - and an erosion of the capacity and
willingness of state officials themselves to abide by the rule of
law. These tendencies, in turn, pave the way for a possible
reinstallation of authoritarian regimes under the control of
politicized armies or, at the very least, the spread of state
violence in one form or another. Why these tendencies need to be
taken so seriously is, the authors argue, because of the deeper
social roots underlying them - notably the failure of neoliberal
economic policies and weakened state structures to deliver the
jobs, standards of living and social services every democratic
citizenry has a right to expect. The Argentinian collapse and
persistent Colombian and Venezuelan crises receive special
attention in this regard.
In the post Cold War era does the withdrawal of armies from direct
rule in most countries herald an end to their role as actors in
domestic politics? Is it indeed sensible to assume that political
intervention by the military has been more or less permanently
superceded? Drawing on the 20th century experience of a dozen
important countries this book examines a number of closely related
issues: What generalizations can be made about the causes and
enduring consequences of military rule for nation building and
economic development? How have the passing of the Cold War, the
rise of globalization and other changes in the 1990s affected the
political role of the military? How can we assess the role of
political armies in relation to the problems of consolidating civil
politics and democratic governance? Are there lessons for policy
makers to be learned from a comparative analysis of political
armies in such fields as global governance and post-conflict
reconstruction? This stimulating set of explorations and
investigations builds on previous theories about the role of the
military in politics and looks to the future - the possible
proliferation of armed actors, new perversions in the domestic
roles of the armed forces, and the much more prominent emergence of
privatized forces of law and order.
As cities sprawl across Latin America, absorbing more and more of
its people, crime and violence have become inescapable. From the
paramilitary invasion of Medell!n in Colombia, the booming wealth
of crack dealers in Managua, Nicaragua and police corruption in
Mexico City, to the glimmers of hope in Lima, this book provides a
dynamic analysis of urban insecurity. Based on new empirical
evidence, interviews with local people and historical
contextualization, the authors attempts to shed light on the
fault-lines which have appeared in Latin American society.
Neoliberal economic policy, it is argued, has intensified the gulf
between elites, insulated in gated estates monitored by private
security firms, and the poor, who are increasingly mistrustful of
state-sponsored attempts to impose order on their slums. Rather
than the current trend towards government withdrawal, the situation
can only be improved by co-operation between communities and police
to build new networks of trust. In the end, violence and insecurity
are inseparable from social justice and democracy.
As cities sprawl across Latin America, absorbing more and more of
its people, crime and violence have become inescapable. From the
paramilitary invasion of Medell!n in Colombia, the booming wealth
of crack dealers in Managua, Nicaragua and police corruption in
Mexico City, to the glimmers of hope in Lima, this book provides a
dynamic analysis of urban insecurity. Based on new empirical
evidence, interviews with local people and historical
contextualization, the authors attempts to shed light on the
fault-lines which have appeared in Latin American society.
Neoliberal economic policy, it is argued, has intensified the gulf
between elites, insulated in gated estates monitored by private
security firms, and the poor, who are increasingly mistrustful of
state-sponsored attempts to impose order on their slums. Rather
than the current trend towards government withdrawal, the situation
can only be improved by co-operation between communities and police
to build new networks of trust. In the end, violence and insecurity
are inseparable from social justice and democracy.
The Cuban revolution served as a rallying cry to people across
Latin America and the Caribbean. The revolutionary regime has
provided vital support to the rest of the region, offering
everything from medical and development assistance to training and
advice on guerrilla warfare. Cuba and Revolutionary Latin America
is the first oral history of Cuba's liberation struggle. Drawing on
a vast array of original testimonies, Dirk Kruijt looks at the role
of both veterans and the post-Revolution fidelista generation in
shaping Cuba and the Americas. Featuring the testimonies of over
sixty Cuban officials and former combatants, Cuba and Revolutionary
Latin America offers unique insight into a nation which, in spite
of its small size and notional pariah status, remains one of the
most influential countries in the Americas.
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